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Apepi (pharaoh)
Apepi (also Ipepi; Egyptian language ') or Apophis (; regnal names Neb-khepesh-Re, A-qenen-Re and A-user-Re) was a ruler of Lower Egypt during the fifteenth dynasty and the end of the Second Intermediate Period that was dominated by this foreign dynasty of rulers called the Hyksos. According to the Turin Canon of Kings, he ruled over the northern portion of Egypt for forty years,〔Nicolas Grimal, ''A History of Ancient Egypt.'' Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988, p.189.〕 and would have ruled during the early half of the 16th century BC if he outlived his southern rival, Kamose, but not Ahmose I.〔Grimal, p.189〕 Although his reign only entailed northern Egypt, Apepi was dominant over most of Egypt during the early portion of his reign, and traded peacefully with the native, Theban Seventeenth dynasty to the south.〔
While he might have exerted suzerainty over Upper Egypt during the beginning of his reign, the seventeenth dynasty eventually assumed control over this region, and the Hyksos were driven out of Egypt no more than fifteen years after his death.〔Grimal, p.194〕
==Praenomina==
''Neb-khepesh-Re'' ('), ''A-qenen-Re'' (') and ''A-user-Re'' (') are three praenomina or throne names used by this same ruler during various parts of his reign.〔(Apophis: Titulary )〕
While some Egyptologists once believed that there were two separate kings who bore the name Apepi, namely Auserre Apepi and Aqenenre Apepi, it is now recognized that Khamudi succeeded Apepi I at Avaris and that there was only one king named Apepi or Apophis.〔Kim Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c.1800-1550 B.C." by Museum Tuscalanum Press. 1997. p.125〕〔(Kings of the Second Intermediate Period ) University College London; scroll down to the 15th dynasty〕 Nebkhepeshre or "Re is the Lord of Strength" was Apepi's first prenomen; towards the middle of his reign, this Hyksos ruler adopted a new prenomen, Aqenenre, which translates as "The strength of Re is great."〔(Apophis:Titulary )〕 In the final decade or so of his reign, Apepi chose Auserre as his last prenomen. While the prenomen was altered, there is no difference in the translation of both Aqenenre and Auserre. His Horus name ''Shetep-tawy'' is attested only twice (once together with ''A-qenen-Re''). It appears on an offering table〔Cairo Catalogue Generale 23073; Kamal, Tables d'offrandes I'', 61〕 and on blocks found at Bubastis.〔London BM 339〕
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